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1. Important tracts in the lateral funiculus (white column) of the spinal cord include:
   a. lateral corticospinal tract
   b. fasciculus cuneatus
   c.  spinothalamic tract
   d. all of the above are correct
   e. only a and c are correct
    
2. Important tracts in the posterior funiculus (white column) of the spinal cord include:
   a. fasciculus cuneatus
   b. lateral corticospinal tract
   c.   spinothalamic tract
   d. anterior corticospinal tract
   e. none of the above are correct 
   
   
3. Which of the following tracts are crossed tracts (i.e., their axons are on the contralateral side of the body as their cell bodies) in the spinal cord?
   a. the lateral corticospinal tract
   b. the fasciculus gracilis
   c.   the spinothalamic tract
   d. all of the above are correct
   e. only a and c are correct


4. The fasciculus cuneatus:
   a. is located in the anterior funiculus (white column) of the spinal cord
   b. is a crossed, descending tract
   c.  carries information concerned with discriminative touch and conscious proprioception (joint position sense)
   d. is a crossed, ascending tract concerned with pain sensation
   e. only a and c are correct
   
   
5. Preganglionic sympathetic neuron cell bodies:
   a. are located in the intermediolateral cell column from T1-L2
   b. form the lateral horn of the spinal cord gray matter
   c.  form from the embryonic neural tube
   d. all of the above are correct
   e. only a and c are correct
   
   
6. An extramedullary tumor compressing the left lateral aspect of the C4 spinal cord may cause upper motor neuron (UMN) signs predominantly in the left lower limb because:
   a. the tumor compresses the posterior spinal artery on the left, which causes an infarct of the left lateral corticospinal tract
   b. the UMN fibers to the left upper limb synapse with their lower motor neurons at the C1-4 spinal cord levels
   c.  the UMN fibers to the lower limb are somatotopically located more laterally in the lateral corticospinal tract than those to the upper limb
   d. all of the above are correct
   e. only a and c are correct
   
   
7. A patient presents with decreased appreciation of pinprick along the medial aspects of both upper limbs from the axillae to the 4th and 5th digits and bilateral weakness of the intrinsic hand muscles.  The lesion involves what structure(s) and might be caused by what disease(s)?
   a. C8-T1 spinal nerves/cervical spondylosis
   b. C7-T1 spinal cord/ependymoma of the central canal
   c.   bilateral posterior and lateral funiculi of the C8 spinal cord/multiple sclerosis
   d. anterior horns and (anterior) white commissure at C7-T1/syringomyelia
   e. all of the above are correct 
   f.  only a and c are correct
   g. only b and d are correct
   
   
8. In the pons:
   a. the representative of the ventricular system is the fourth ventricle
   b. nuclei of the trigeminal (V), abducent (VI), and facial (VII) nerves are present
   c.  the inferior olivary nucleus causes the large bulge anteriorly
   d. all of the above are correct
   e. only a and b are correct
   
   
9. Which of the following occur(s) in the medulla?
   a. the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles
   b. the decussation of the trochlear nerves (IV)
   c.  the decussation and formation of the medial lemnisci
   d. the decussation of the pyramidal tracts
   e. only c and d are correct
   
   
10. Which of the following occur(s) in the midbrain?
    a. the decussation of the middle cerebellar peduncles
    b. the inferior olivary nucleus
    c.  the formation of the inferior cerebellar peduncles
    d. the red nucleus
    e. the formation of the lateral corticospinal tracts
    
    
11. Which structures are found in the basal (ventral or anterior) part of the pons?
    a. crus cerebri
    b. pyramidal tract
    c.  medial lemniscus
    d. facial nucleus
    e. only c and d are correct
    
    
12. A patient presents with a 2 month history of lack of sweating on the entire left side of the face.  Examination reveals a ptosis and miosis involving the left eye.  Where is the most likely location of the lesion producing these signs and symptoms?
    a. the left superior orbital fissure
    b. the maxillary division of the left trigeminal nerve (V)
    c.    the left cavernous sinus
    d. none of the above are correct
    e. only a and c are correct
    
    
13. The nucleus ambiguus:
    a. contains motor neurons that supply the branchiomeric skeletal muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and upper third of the esophagus
    b. is located in the upper two-thirds of the pons
    c.  contributes axons to the glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), and cranial part of the accessory (XI) nerves
    d. all of the above are correct
    e. only a and c are correct


14. Damage to which of the following structures will produce deafness in the left ear?
    a. right transverse temporal gyri (areas 41, 42)
    b. cochlear division of the left vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
    c.   right medial geniculate body of the thalamus
    d.  left dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei of the upper medulla
    e.  all of the above
    f.   only a and c are correct
    g.  only b and d are correct
    
    
15. The nervus intermedius of the facial nerve (VII) contains:
    a. preganglionic parasympathetic (GVE) axons that synapse in the submandibular ganglion
    b. first-order SVA neurons from taste buds on the posterior third of the tongue
    c.  first-order GSA neurons whose cell bodies are located in the geniculate ganglion
    d. SVE axons that supply the muscles of facial expression
    e.  all of the above are correct
    f.    only a and c are correct
    g. only b and d are correct
    
    
    
16. The nucleus of the solitary tract (tractus solitarius) is related to which of the following cranial nerves?
    a. vagus nerve (X) – GVA from viscera of chest and abdomen; SVA-taste from epiglottis
    b. glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) – GVA from pharynx, auditory tube, middle ear; SVA-taste from posterior third of tongue
    c.  facial nerve (VII) – SVA-taste from anterior two-thirds of tongue
    d. all of the above are correct
    e. only a and c are correct
    
    
    
17. The facial nerve (VII) gives off the following branches before exiting the skull through the stylomastoid foramen:
    a. the chorda tympani nerve
    b. the nerve to the stapedius muscle
    c.  the greater petrosal nerve
    d. all of the above are correct
    e. only a and c are correct


18. The straight sinus:
    a. is formed by the juncture of the inferior sagittal sinus and the great cerebral vein (Galen)
    b. lies in the interface between the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli
    c.  drains into the confluens of sinuses
    d. all of the above are correct
    e. only a and c are correct


19. Occlusion of the main trunk of the anterior choroidal artery might produce the following signs and symptoms:
    a. contralateral hemiparesis involving the face, arm, and leg
    b. contralateral hemisensory deficit
    c. contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
    d. some impairment of the appropriate material-specific memory functions
    e. all of the above are correct
    f.  only a and c are correct
    g. only b and d are correct
    
    
20. The ophthalmic artery is a branch of which segment of the internal carotid artery?
    a. cerebral or supraclinoid
    b. cervical
    c. petrous
    d. cavernous
    e. none of the above
    
    Extended Matching Set - For each of the 7 questions below, indicate the letter of the most closely related item from the list. Each option may be correct for more than one question.
    
    
21. Arterial supply to the posterior horn and posterior funiculus of the spinal cord.
    a. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
    b. Anterior choroidal artery
    c. Great cerebral vein
    d. Superior cerebellar artery
    e. Posterior spinal artery
    f.  Anterior cerebral artery
    g. Posterior cerebral artery
    h. Paramedian branches of the basilar artery
    i.  Cavernous sinus
    j.  Cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery
    
    
22. Arterial supply to parts of the lower pons and cerebellum.
    a. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
    b. Anterior choroidal artery
    c. Great cerebral vein
    d. Superior cerebellar artery
    e. Posterior spinal artery
    f.  Anterior cerebral artery
    g. Posterior cerebral artery
    h. Paramedian branches of the basilar artery
    i.  Cavernous sinus
    j.  Cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery
    
    
23. Arterial supply to the basal (anterior) part of the pons.
    a. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
    b. Anterior choroidal artery
    c. Great cerebral vein
    d. Superior cerebellar artery
    e. Posterior spinal artery
    f.  Anterior cerebral artery
    g. Posterior cerebral artery
    h. Paramedian branches of the basilar artery
    i.  Cavernous sinus
    j.  Cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery
    
    
24. Closely related to cranial nerves III, IV, V, and VI.
    a. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
    b. Anterior choroidal artery
    c. Great cerebral vein
    d. Superior cerebellar artery
    e. Posterior spinal artery
    f.  Anterior cerebral artery
    g. Posterior cerebral artery
    h. Paramedian branches of the basilar artery
    i.  Cavernous sinus
    j.  Cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery
    
    
25. Arterial supply to the thalamus.
    a. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
    b. Anterior choroidal artery
    c. Great cerebral vein
    d. Superior cerebellar artery
    e. Posterior spinal artery
    f.  Anterior cerebral artery
    g. Posterior cerebral artery
    h. Paramedian branches of the basilar artery
    i.  Cavernous sinus
    j.  Cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery
    
    
26. Arterial supply to the primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus).
    a. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
    b. Anterior choroidal artery
    c. Great cerebral vein
    d. Superior cerebellar artery
    e. Posterior spinal artery
    f.  Anterior cerebral artery
    g. Posterior cerebral artery
    h. Paramedian branches of the basilar artery
    i.  Cavernous sinus
    j.  Cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery 


27. Occlusion of this artery (especially its central or penetrating branches) may cause a central or thalamic pain syndrome.
    a. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
    b. Anterior choroidal artery
    c. Great cerebral vein
    d. Superior cerebellar artery
    e. Posterior spinal artery
    f.  Anterior cerebral artery
    g. Posterior cerebral artery
    h. Paramedian branches of the basilar artery
    i.  Cavernous sinus
    j.  Cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery
    
    
    

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