Basic Human Neuroanatomy
A Clinically Oriented Atlas 

Pre Test 3a
Pretest #3a
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    1. Which of the following structures is (are) important for visual function?
      a. ophthalmic artery
      b.  medial geniculate body of the thalamus
      c.  Brodmann's areas 18 and 19
      d. all of the above are correct
      e. only a and c are correct

       
    2. The pupillary light reflex involves which of the following structures?
      a. accessory oculomotor nucleus
      b. pretectal nuclei
      c.  oculomotor nerve (III)
      d. posterior commissure
      e. all of the above are correct


    3. A patient sustains an acute complete transection of the left optic nerve without any other damage.  What findings are present when you examine the patient’s pupils at rest in ambient light?
      a. The left pupil is larger than the right.
      b. The left pupil is smaller than the right.
      c.  The pupils are equal in size.
      d. The left pupil is irregular in shape.
      e. none of the above are correct


    4. Which area(s) of the cerebral cortex is(are) involved in the process of memorizing a poem that you read last night?
      a. visual association area (areas 18, 19)
      b. prefrontal cortex (areas 9, 10, 11)
      c.  polymodal sensory cortices in the temporal lobe (temporal pole, posterior parahippocampal gyrus, perirhinal cortex)
      d. superior parietal lobule (areas 5, 7)
      e. hippocampal formation
      f.  all of the above are correct
      g. only a, c, and e are correct
      h. only b and d are correct


    5. A Broca's (nonfluent, expressive) aphasia is characterized by:
      a. intact comprehension of speech
      b. intact verbal output of speech
      c.  a lesion in the posterior part of the (usually) left inferior frontal gyrus
      (areas 44, 45)
      d. damage to the inferior parietal lobule
      e. the patient being intensely frustrated
      f.  all of the above are correct
      g. only a, c, and e are correct
      h. only b and d are correct


    6. Damage to the right frontal eye field (areas 8, 6) results in which of the following?
      a. both eyes are deviated horizontally to the left at rest
      b. both eyes are deviated to the right at rest
      c.  the patient cannot voluntarily look to the right
      d. the patient cannot voluntarily look to the left
      e. when the patient looks to the left, the right eye does not adduct
      f.  the patient cannot look upward
      g. only a and c are correct
      h. only b and d are correct
      i.  only e and f are correct


    7. Which of the following statements concerning association fibers is (are) true?
      a. They are bundles of fibers interconnecting areas of cortex to homologous areas of the contralateral side of the brain.
      b. The neuron cell bodies of origin are small pyramidal cells in layer 3 of the cortex.
      c.  One example is the corpus callosum.
      d. One example is the corticospinal tract.
      e. none of the above is correct 


    8. Which of the following fiber bundles (tracts, pathways, etc.) is (are) an example of projection fibers?
      a. corticopontine fibers
      b. uncinate fasciculus
      c.  corpus callosum
      d. arcuate fasciculus
      e. only b and d are correct


    9. In the cerebral neocortex:
      a. neurons are arranged in both columns and in layers
      b. the internal granular layer (layer 4) is well developed in motor areas of the cortex
      c.   the large pyramidal cells in layer 5 of the precentral gyrus contribute to the corticospinal tract
      d. all of the above are correct
      e. only a and c are correct


    10. Which of the following statements concerning commissural fibers is (are) true?
      a. They are bundles of fibers interconnecting areas of cortex to homologous areas of the contralateral side of the brain.
      b.  One example is the corpus callosum.
      c.    The neuron cell bodies of origin are small pyramidal cells in layer 3 of the cortex.
      d.  all of the above are correct
      e. only a and b are correct


    11. Which of the following represents a polymodal (heteromodal) sensory association cortex?
      a. inferior parietal lobule (areas 39, 40)
      b. lateral occipital cortex (areas 18 and 19)
      c.  postcentral gyrus (areas 3, 1, 2)
      d.  all of the above are correct
      e.  only a and b are correct


    12. Which of the following represents a unimodal sensory association cortex?
      a. the parts of the cuneus and lingual gyrus on the banks of the calcarine sulcus (area 17)
      b. superior parietal lobule (areas 5 and 7)
      c.    transverse temporal gyri (areas 41 and 42)
      d. postcentral gyrus (areas 3, 1, 2)
      e.  only b and d are correct


    13. The anterior commissure:
      a. is an example of an association bundle
      b. connects the inferior frontal lobe to the anterior temporal lobe
      c.  connects the left motor speech center (Broca’s area, areas 44, 45) with the left superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke’s area, area 22)
      d.  connects the middle and inferior temporal gyri of one side to the other
      e.  connects the pretectal area of one side to the other

    14. A lesion of the right (nondominant) inferior parietal lobule could result in the following signs and symptoms:
      15. a. inability to recognize the left arm as belonging to him/her (asomatognosia)
      b. denial of illness
      c.  homonymous left inferior quadrantanopsia
      d.  all of the above are correct
      e.   only a and c are correct


    15. Which of the following statements is NOT true?  
      a. The amygdala lies just deep to the uncus and is important in processing the emotional significance of stimuli (pain, memories, odors, etc.)
      b. The caudate nucleus is the principal basal nucleus involved in processing oculomotor and prefrontal information.
      c.  The nucleus accumbens is severely damaged in Huntington disease and results in choreoathetotic movements.
      d. The hippocampus is part of the limbic system and is an essential component of memory formation.
      e. The pulvinar is an association nucleus of the thalamus and is involved in visual processing.


    16. The uncinate fasciculus:
      a.  is an example of a projection bundle
      b. connects the inferior frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex) to the anterior and medial temporal lobe
      c.    connects the left motor speech center (Broca’s area, areas 44, 45) with the left superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke’s area, area 22)
      d.  connects the middle and inferior temporal gyri of one side to the other
      e. connects the pretectal area of one side to the other


    17. Which adult structures are derived from the embryonic myelencephalon?
      a. cerebellum
      b. medulla oblongata
      c.  pons
      d.  thalamus
      e. cerebral hemispheres


    18. Which of the following statements concerning the amygdala is (are) true?
      a. The amygdala has widespread, reciprocal connections with many areas of the cerebral cortex (especially frontal and temporal lobes, the cingulate gyrus, and the septal area).
      b. The amygdala is part of the olfactory and limbic systems.
      c.  The amygdala sends subcortical efferent projections to the hypothalamus, medial dorsal (dorsomedial, mediodorsal) nucleus of the thalamus, various parts of the brain stem, and the nucleus accumbens and substantia innominata.
      d. all of the above are correct
      e. only a and c are correct


    19. Which of the following statements concerning prosody is (are) true? 
      a. It is defined as the ability to produce and understand the emotional quality of speech.
      b. Production of prosody depends on the nondominant dorsolateral frontal lobe.
      c.  The comprehension of prosody is a function of the nondominant temporal lobe.
      d. all of the above are correct
      e. only a and c are correct


    20. Which of the following statements concerning the fornix is (are) true?
      a. The fornix is one of the main output pathways of the hippocampus.
      b. It has three main parts: the crus, the body, and the column.
      c.  As the body of the fornix approaches the anterior commissure, it divides into “precommissural fibers,” that end in the septal area and anterior hypothalamus, and “postcommissural fibers,” which become the columns of the fornix and end in the mamillary bodies.
      d. all of the above are correct
      e. only a and c are correct

      21. Extended Matching Set - For each of the 6 questions below, indicate the letter of the most closely related item from the list. Each option may be correct for more than one question.

    21. Receives input from the inferior colliculus and projects to the transverse temporal gyri
          (areas 41, 42).
      a. Centromedian nucleus
      b. Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei
      c.  Pulvinar
      d. Medial geniculate body
      e. Anterior nucleus of the thalamus
      f.  Ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus
      g. Medial dorsal (dorsomedial, mediodorsal) nucleus
      h. Lateral geniculate body
      i.  Ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus
      j.  Reticular nucleus of the thalamus
      k.  Lesion of the optic chiasma
      l.   Left homonymous superior quadrantanopsia
      m. Right homonymous hemianopsia
      n. Left homonymous inferior quadrantanopsia
      o. Left homonymous hemianopsia
      p. Left monocular blindness


    22. Involved in integrating information from the basal nuclei and neocerebellum and activating the primary motor, supplementary motor, premotor, and prefrontal cortices.
      a. Centromedian nucleus
      b. Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei
      c.  Pulvinar
      d. Medial geniculate body
      e. Anterior nucleus of the thalamus
      f.  Ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus
      g. Medial dorsal (dorsomedial, mediodorsal) nucleus
      h. Lateral geniculate body
      i.  Ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus
      j.  Reticular nucleus of the thalamus
      k.  Lesion of the optic chiasma
      l.   Left homonymous superior quadrantanopsia
      m. Right homonymous hemianopsia
      n. Left homonymous inferior quadrantanopsia
      o. Left homonymous hemianopsia
      p. Left monocular blindness


    23. Receives input from the brain stem reticular formation (reticular activating system) and projects to wide areas of the cerebral cortex to maintain consciousness and regulate electrical activity of the cortex.
      a. Centromedian nucleus
      b. Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei
      c.  Pulvinar
      d. Medial geniculate body
      e. Anterior nucleus of the thalamus
      f.  Ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus
      g. Medial dorsal (dorsomedial, mediodorsal) nucleus
      h. Lateral geniculate body
      i.  Ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus
      j.  Reticular nucleus of the thalamus
      k.  Lesion of the optic chiasma
      l.   Left homonymous superior quadrantanopsia
      m. Right homonymous hemianopsia
      n. Left homonymous inferior quadrantanopsia
      o. Left homonymous hemianopsia
      p. Left monocular blindness


    24. Receives the trigeminal lemniscus and projects to the "face area" of the postcentral gyrus (areas 3, 1, 2).
      a. Centromedian nucleus
      b. Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei
      c.  Pulvinar
      d. Medial geniculate body
      e. Anterior nucleus of the thalamus
      f.  Ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus
      g. Medial dorsal (dorsomedial, mediodorsal) nucleus
      h. Lateral geniculate body
      i.  Ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus
      j.  Reticular nucleus of the thalamus
      k.  Lesion of the optic chiasma
      l.   Left homonymous superior quadrantanopsia
      m. Right homonymous hemianopsia
      n. Left homonymous inferior quadrantanopsia
      o. Left homonymous hemianopsia
      p. Left monocular blindness


    25. Receives the mamillothalamic tract, projects to the cingulate gyrus, and is a component of the limbic system.
      a. Centromedian nucleus
      b. Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei
      c.  Pulvinar
      d. Medial geniculate body
      e. Anterior nucleus of the thalamus
      f.  Ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus
      g. Medial dorsal (dorsomedial, mediodorsal) nucleus
      h. Lateral geniculate body
      i.  Ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus
      j.  Reticular nucleus of the thalamus
      k.  Lesion of the optic chiasma
      l.   Left homonymous superior quadrantanopsia
      m. Right homonymous hemianopsia
      n. Left homonymous inferior quadrantanopsia
      o. Left homonymous hemianopsia
      p. Left monocular blindness


    26. Visual deficit resulting from a lesion of the left optic tract.
      a. Centromedian nucleus
      b. Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei
      c.  Pulvinar
      d. Medial geniculate body
      e. Anterior nucleus of the thalamus
      f.  Ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus
      g. Medial dorsal (dorsomedial, mediodorsal) nucleus
      h. Lateral geniculate body
      i.  Ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus
      j.  Reticular nucleus of the thalamus
      k.  Lesion of the optic chiasma
      l.   Left homonymous superior quadrantanopsia
      m. Right homonymous hemianopsia
      n. Left homonymous inferior quadrantanopsia
      o. Left homonymous hemianopsia
      p. Left monocular blindness






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