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1. The fasciculus gracilis
   a. is an uncrossed, ascending (sensory) tract
   b. is located in the lateral funiculus (white column) of the spinal cord
   c. carries information concerning discriminative touch, vibration, and joint position sense (conscious proprioception) from primarily the lower limb (actually, below T6)
   d. all of the above are correct
   e. only a and c are correct 
   
   
2. The substantia gelatinosa
   a. is a nucleus in the anterior horn of the spinal cord
   b. is present only from T1 to L3 in the spinal cord
   c. is an important spinal cord center for the modulation and integration of pain sensation
   d. contains preganglionic sympathetic neuron cell bodies
   e. all of the above are correct
   
   
3. Important tracts in the lateral funiculus (white column) of the spinal cord include
   a. lateral corticospinal tract
   b. fasciculus cuneatus
   c. posterior spinocerebellar tract
   d. all of the above are correct
   e. only a and c are correct
   
   
4. Nuclei located in the sacral region of the spinal cord include:
   a. the substantia gelatinosa
   b. the parasympathetic nucleus supplying the urinary bladder
   c. the intermediolateral cell column forming the lateral horn
   d. all of the above are correct
   e. only a and b are correct
   
   
5. A patient presents with decreased appreciation of pinprick along the medial aspects of both upper limbs from the axillae to the 4th and 5th digits. The lesion involves what structure(s) and might be caused by what disease? 
   a. C8-T1 dorsal roots/tabes dorsalis
   b. posterior columns of the spinal cord at C8/multiple sclerosis
   c. ventral posterior lateral (VPL) nuclei of both thalami/basilar artery tip thrombosis
   d. (anterior) white commissure at C6-C7/syringomyelia
   e. none of the above are correct
   
   
6. The lateral corticospinal tract:
   a. is a crossed, descending (motor) tract
   b. carries information concerning pain and temperature sensation
   c. is located in the lateral funiculus (white column) of the spinal cord
   d. all of the above are correct
   e. only a and c are correct
   
   
7. Important structures present in the midbrain include:
   a. red nucleus
   b. cerebral aqueduct
   c. substantia nigra
   d. crus cerebri
   e. all of the above are correct
   
   
8. In the pons:
   a. the representative of the ventricular system is the cerebral aqueduct
   b. nuclei of the trigeminal (V), abducent (VI), and facial (VII) nerves are present
   c. the inferior olivary nucleus causes the large bulge anteriorly (the basal part of the pons)
   d. all of the above are correct
   e. only a and c are correct
   
   
9. Which of the following occur(s) in the medulla?
   a. the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles
   b. the decussation of the trochlear nerves (IV)
   c. the decussation and formation of the medial lemnisci
   d. all of the above are correct
   e. only a and c are correct
   
   
10. The medial lemniscus:
    a. is located only in the medulla
    b. is a crossed, ascending tract
    c. carries information concerned with pain and temperature
    d. all of the above are correct
    e. only a and c are correct
    
    
11. A patient presents with the acute onset of weakness of the right upper and lower limbs, an inability to abduct the left eye, and weakness of all of the muscles of facial expression on the left. Which of the following statements are true?
    a. The patient probably has a nonfluent (Broca’s) aphasia.
    b. The patient may have an impending basilar artery thrombosis.
    c. The patient probably has multiple sclerosis.
    d. The lesion is in the lower third of the pons on the left.
    e. only b and d are correct.
    
    
12. Which of the following muscles are NOT supplied by the trigeminal nerve (V)?
    a. medial pterygoid muscle
    b. levator veli palatini muscle
    c. tensor tympani muscle
    d. mylohyoid muscle
    e. masseter muscle
    
    
13. Which of the following muscles are supplied by the vagus nerve (X)?
    a. lateral pterygoid muscle
    b. palatopharyngeus muscle
    c. tensor tympani muscle
    d. posterior belly of the digastric muscle
    e. stylopharyngeus muscle
    
    
14. A basilar skull fracture passing through the jugular foramen might damage which of the following structures?
    a.  glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
    b.  maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (V2)
    c.  vagus nerve (X)
    d.  middle meningeal artery
    e.  internal jugular vein
    f.  mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3)
    g.  all of the above are correct
    h.  only a, c, and e are correct
    i.   only b, d, and f are correct
    
    
15. Which of the following cranial nerves contains parasympathetic preganglionic fibers?
    a. vagus nerve (X)
    b. glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
    c. facial nerve (VII)
    d. all of the above are correct
    e. only a and c are correct
    
    
16. The recurrent artery (Heubner)
    a. is a branch of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
    b. enters the base of the brain, as part of the anterolateral group of central (penetrating) branches, via the anterior perforated substance
    c. supplies the anteromedial part of the head of the caudate nucleus, adjacent parts of the putamen, anterior limb of the internal capsule, and septal region
    d. all of the above are correct
    e. only a and c are correct
    
    
17. Which of the following statements concerning the cavernous sinus is (are) true?
    a. It lies on the side of the body of the sphenoid bone just lateral to the sella turcica.
    b. It extends from the superior orbital fissure anteriorly, where it receives the superior ophthalmic vein.
    c. It terminates posteriorly at the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone, where it gives rise to the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses.
    d. The internal carotid artery passes through the center of the sinus surrounded by a perivascular plexus of postganglionic oculosympathetic axons and accompanied by the oculomotor nerve (III).
    e. Within the lateral wall of the sinus are found the trochlear nerve (IV), the maxillary and mandibular divisions of the trigeminal nerve (V), and the abducent nerve (VI)
    f. all of the above are correct
    g. only a, b, and c are correct
    h. only a and c are correct
    i.  only b, d, and e are correct
    
    
18. The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX):
    a. contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers (GVE) that are derived from the inferior salivatory nucleus and synapse in the otic ganglion with postganglionic neurons, which, in turn, supply the parotid gland
    b. exits the brain stem between the pyramid and olive of the medulla
    c. passes through the jugular foramen of the skull
    d. supplies the tensor veli palatini muscle
    e. all of the above are correct
    f. only a and c are correct
    
    
19. The upper thoracic (approximately T1-T4) segments of the spinal cord 
    a. are supplied by the great anterior radicular artery (Adamkiewicz)
    b. contain the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that supply the urinary bladder and the rectum
    c. are vulnerable to ischemic insult because they are in a vascular watershed zone between ascending and descending sources of blood supply
    d. all of the above are correct
    e. only a and c are correct
    
    
    Extended Matching Set - For each of the 6 questions below, indicate the letter of the most closely related item from the list. Each option may be correct for more than one question.
    
    
20. Arterial supply to the primary visual cortex (area 17).
    a. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
    b. Anterior choroidal artery
    c. Great cerebral vein
    d. Superior cerebellar artery
    e. Anterior spinal artery
    f.  Anterior cerebral artery
    g. Posterior cerebral artery
    h. Paramedian branches of the basilar artery
    i. Cavernous sinus
    j. Cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery
    
    
21. Arterial supply to the paracentral lobule.
    a. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
    b. Anterior choroidal artery
    c. Great cerebral vein
    d. Superior cerebellar artery
    e. Anterior spinal artery
    f.  Anterior cerebral artery
    g. Posterior cerebral artery
    h. Paramedian branches of the basilar artery
    i. Cavernous sinus
    j. Cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery
    
    
22. Venous return from deep structures of the forebrain flows through this structure.
    a. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
    b. Anterior choroidal artery
    c. Great cerebral vein
    d. Superior cerebellar artery
    e. Anterior spinal artery
    f.  Anterior cerebral artery
    g. Posterior cerebral artery
    h. Paramedian branches of the basilar artery
    i. Cavernous sinus
    j. Cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery
    
    
23. Arterial supply to the posterior limb of the internal capsule.
    a. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
    b. Anterior choroidal artery
    c. Great cerebral vein
    d. Superior cerebellar artery
    e. Anterior spinal artery
    f. Anterior cerebral artery
    g. Posterior cerebral artery
    h. Paramedian branches of the basilar artery
    i. Cavernous sinus
    j. Cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery
    
    
24. Arterial supply to the primary somatic sensory cortex (areas 3,1,2--postcentral gyrus).
    a. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
    b. Anterior choroidal artery
    c. Great cerebral vein
    d. Superior cerebellar artery
    e. Anterior spinal artery
    f. Anterior cerebral artery
    g. Posterior cerebral artery
    h. Paramedian branches of the basilar artery
    i. Cavernous sinus
    j. Cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery
    
    
25. Arterial supply to parts of the upper pons and cerebellum.
    a. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
    b. Anterior choroidal artery
    c. Great cerebral vein
    d. Superior cerebellar artery
    e. Anterior spinal artery
    f.  Anterior cerebral artery
    g. Posterior cerebral artery
    h. Paramedian branches of the basilar artery
    i. Cavernous sinus
    j. Cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery
    
    
    

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